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Related Concept Videos

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

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Harvey Cushing's experience with cranial deformity.

Cormac O Maher1, Steven R Buchman, Edward O'Hara

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5338, USA. cmaher@med.umich.edu

Neurosurgical Focus
|December 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Early 20th-century surgery for cranial deformity caused high morbidity, making Harvey Cushing initially hesitant about craniosynostosis treatment. He later performed these surgeries, but they remained a minor part of his neurosurgical practice.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Cranial Deformity

Background:

  • Early 20th-century surgical interventions for cranial deformities were associated with substantial patient morbidity.
  • Pioneering neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing initially expressed reservations regarding surgical treatment for craniosynostosis due to these risks.
  • Despite initial reluctance, Cushing eventually undertook surgical procedures for pediatric cranial deformities later in his career.

Discussion:

  • This abstract examines Harvey Cushing's evolving perspective on surgical interventions for craniosynostosis.
  • It highlights his limited involvement in the development of this specialized surgical field.
  • Case examples of Cushing's patients with cranial deformities are presented to illustrate his practice.

Key Insights:

  • Harvey Cushing's initial opposition to craniosynostosis surgery stemmed from high surgical risks.
  • Cushing's later surgical practice included craniosynostosis cases, though it was not a primary focus.
  • The historical context of early surgical morbidity significantly influenced the development of neurosurgical techniques for cranial deformities.

Outlook:

  • Further research could explore the specific outcomes of Cushing's craniosynostosis patients.
  • Understanding historical surgical challenges provides context for modern advancements in pediatric neurosurgery.
  • This historical perspective is crucial for appreciating the evolution of surgical safety and efficacy in treating congenital cranial anomalies.