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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation
09:29

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation

Published on: August 4, 2023

Hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid axis function in healthy aging.

G Mazzoccoli1, V Pazienza, A Piepoli

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S. Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy. g.mazzoccoli@tin.it

Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents
|December 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elderly individuals show altered thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion profiles. While thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and free thyroxine levels remain similar, aging impacts TSH secretion patterns.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation
09:29

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Published on: August 4, 2023

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gerontology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Dysthyroidism is more common in older adults.
  • Thyroid hormone regulation may change with age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare 24-hour secretory profiles of TRH, TSH, and free thyroxine in young, middle-aged, and elderly individuals.
  • To investigate age-related differences in thyroid hormone circadian rhythms.

Main Methods:

  • Blood samples were collected every 4 hours for 24 hours from 15 young/middle-aged and 15 elderly healthy subjects.
  • Evaluated area under the curve (AUC), mean hormone levels at specific times, and circadian rhythmicity for TRH, TSH, and free thyroxine.

Main Results:

  • Circadian rhythmicity was observed for TRH and TSH in younger groups and TSH in the elderly.
  • Elderly subjects exhibited lower mean TSH levels compared to younger groups.
  • No significant differences in TRH or free thyroxine levels were found across age groups.

Conclusions:

  • Aging is associated with altered TSH secretion patterns.
  • Specific changes in TSH secretion, not TRH or free thyroxine, characterize aging.
  • Understanding these age-related endocrine changes is crucial for managing thyroid health in the elderly.