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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid function and pregnancy: before, during and beyond.

R L Kennedy1, U H Malabu, G Jarrod

  • 1James Cook University School of Medicine, Queensland, Australia. lee.kennedy@jcu.edu.au

Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
|December 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid issues are common in reproductive-aged women, linked to autoimmunity and iodine status. Early detection and management are crucial for maternal and child health outcomes.

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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Thyroid disturbances frequently affect women of reproductive age.
  • Autoimmune thyroid disease impacts approximately 4% of young females, with 15% at risk due to positive thyroid antibodies.
  • Both autoimmunity and altered iodine status are significant contributors to thyroid abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of thyroid disturbances in women of reproductive age.
  • To highlight the relationship between thyroid health, reproductive outcomes, and pregnancy.
  • To discuss the role of iodine status, environmental factors, and screening in managing thyroid health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on maternal thyroid status.
  • Analysis of the impact of autoimmunity and iodine status on reproductive health.
  • Evaluation of environmental factors like smoking and selenium.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid autoimmunity is strongly associated with infertility, miscarriage, and pregnancy/postpartum thyroid issues.
  • Suboptimal iodine status is prevalent globally and exacerbated by pregnancy.
  • Newer research clarifies maternal thyroid status effects on child neuropsychological development.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians must recognize pregnancy-associated thyroid changes.
  • Screening is not universal but recommended for high-risk individuals.
  • Further research is needed on optimal iodine supplementation strategies.