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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Published on: May 2, 2021

Joint angle variability and co-variation in a reaching with a rod task.

M Marieke C van der Steen¹, Raoul M Bongers

¹Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.

Experimental Brain Research

|December 4, 2010

Summary

The neuromotor system flexibly uses abundant arm joint degrees of freedom (DOFs) to stabilize tool use. Synergies equally stabilize the arm and extended end-effector during reaching movements.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomechanics
Motor Control

Background:

Motor control research addresses coordinating numerous neuromuscular units for goal-directed movements.
Degrees of freedom (DOFs) are increasingly viewed as abundant, enabling flexible movement performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how the neuromotor system exploits upper extremity DOFs for flexible performance.
To examine the stabilization of a displaced end-effector during tool use by analyzing arm joint variability.

Main Methods:

Participants performed pointing movements with an index finger and with rods of varying lengths (10, 20, 30 cm).
The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) method decomposed total joint angle variance into UCM (non-affecting end-effector) and ORT (affecting end-effector) components.

Main Results:

Joint angle variance was partitioned, with V(UCM) consistently larger than V(ORT) across all rod lengths.
This ratio did not change with rod length, indicating consistent arm synergy formation.
Variations and co-variations in arm joint angles were similar for the rod's tip and the hand.

Conclusions:

The neuromotor system forms synergies in the arm during reaching tasks involving an extended end-effector.
These synergies effectively stabilize the arm+rod system, regardless of the tool's length.