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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG (hOMING)
07:36

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Stabilized glucagon formulation for bihormonal pump use.

Solomon S Steiner1, Ming Li, Robert Hauser

  • 1Biodel Inc., Danbury, Connecticut 06810, USA. ssteiner@biodel.com

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|December 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A new glucagon formulation by Biodel is chemically and physically stable for diabetes treatment. This stable glucagon is suitable for use in bihormonal pumps, offering a promising solution for diabetes management.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG (hOMING)
07:36

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Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion via Perfusion through the Mice Vasculature with an Intact Pancreas
04:41

Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion via Perfusion through the Mice Vasculature with an Intact Pancreas

Published on: July 25, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Developing a stable glucagon formulation is crucial for automated bihormonal insulin and glucagon pumps for diabetes treatment.
  • Existing glucagon formulations lack the required physical and chemical stability.
  • The goal was to create a glucagon formulation stable as a clear, ungelled solution, free of fibrils at pH 7 for 7 days at 37°C.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a physically and chemically stable glucagon formulation.
  • To ensure stability at physiological pH (7.0) and temperature (37°C).
  • To assess formulation suitability for bihormonal pump applications.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated glucagon formulation stability at 25°C and 37°C.
  • Quantified chemical degradation using reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography.
  • Assessed physical changes via light obscuration and visual observation.

Main Results:

  • Biodel glucagon formulation remained a clear solution beyond 50 days at 37°C and pH 7.
  • Lilly glucagon at pH 4 formed an opaque gel and showed significant degradation.
  • Biodel glucagon demonstrated 100% content at 7 days at pH 2 and pH 4 compared to Lilly glucagon.

Conclusions:

  • Biodel glucagon is a stabilized formulation at physiological pH.
  • The formulation is chemically and physically stable beyond 7 days at 37°C.
  • This suggests its utility for use in a bihormonal pump for diabetes management.