Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Parthenogenote-derived brain unveils the critical role of paternal genome in neural development.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Esaxerenone versus angiotensin II receptor blockers as second-line therapy in older Japanese patients with uncontrolled hypertension on calcium channel blockers: the randomized, open-label ESCORT-HT study.

Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension·2026
Same author

High Human Epididymis Protein 4 Levels Are Associated With Lower Systolic Function and Poor Prognosis in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society·2026
Same author

Dynamic in vitro platform for mechanical profiling of human pulmonary aciniform organoids via intraluminal access.

Biomaterials·2026
Same author

Living sensor display implanted on skin for long-term biomarker monitoring.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Development of a CYP2D6-enhanced HepaRG cell model with improved CYP2D6 metabolic capacity.

PloS one·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development
14:08

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Published on: January 26, 2013

Sox2 expression effects on direct reprogramming efficiency as determined by alternative somatic cell fate.

Shinpei Yamaguchi1, Kunio Hirano, Shogo Nagata

  • 1Stem Cell Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.

Stem Cell Research
|December 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Sox2

More Related Videos

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides
09:58

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides

Published on: November 29, 2016

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development
14:08

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Published on: January 26, 2013

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides
09:58

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides

Published on: November 29, 2016

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer potential for regenerative medicine.
  • Direct reprogramming uses transcription factors to generate iPSCs from somatic cells.
  • The precise role of individual factors like Sox2 in reprogramming efficiency requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dose-dependent molecular role of Sox2 in direct somatic cell reprogramming to iPSCs.
  • To determine how varying Sox2 expression levels impact reprogramming efficiency and cell fate.
  • To assess the quality of iPSCs generated with modified Sox2 levels.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with controlled, varying levels of Sox2 expression.
  • Quantitative analysis of reprogramming efficiency using partial and full reprogramming markers.
  • Assessment of lineage commitment by monitoring ectoderm and mesoderm marker gene expression.
  • Evaluation of iPSC quality through pluripotent marker gene expression and chimera formation assays.

Main Results:

  • Low Sox2 (LS) expression enhanced the generation of partially reprogrammed iPSCs with Oct4, Klf4, and c-Myc (OKM).
  • A significant increase in fully reprogrammed iPSCs was observed using Oct4, Klf4, and low Sox2 (OKLS).
  • LS expression correlated with reduced ectoderm and mesoderm marker gene expression, indicating impeded differentiation.
  • iPSCs generated with OKLS were comparable in quality to those from conventional Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 (OSK) reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Sox2 plays a critical, dose-dependent role in the direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • Optimizing Sox2 levels can improve reprogramming efficiency and potentially influence cell lineage commitment.
  • These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing direct reprogramming.