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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

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Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...
Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

Replication in Prokaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement
08:06

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Published on: January 19, 2017

Replication timing of pseudo-NORs.

Evgeny Smirnov1, Dušan Cmarko, Lubomír Kováčik

  • 1Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi, Department of Cell Biology, Prague, Czech Republic. esmir@lf1.cuni.cz

Journal of Structural Biology
|December 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The loose chromatin structure created by Upstream Binding Factor (UBF) alone does not guarantee early DNA replication. Studies show that pseudo-NORs, which mimic active ribosomal DNA structure, replicate throughout S phase, not just early S phase.

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G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Active ribosomal genes replicate early in S phase, silent ones late, but the mechanism is unclear.
  • Upstream Binding Factor (UBF) creates a loose chromatin structure at active rDNA, thought to drive early replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if UBF-induced loose chromatin structure is sufficient for early DNA replication.
  • To investigate the replication timing of non-transcribed DNA sequences that bind UBF.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized human cell lines with pseudo-NORs (heterologous DNA arrays binding UBF) integrated into chromosomes.
  • Observed pseudo-NOR replication timing in vivo using UBF-GFP and PCNA-RFP transfection.
  • Confirmed findings with EdU incorporation and BrdU ChIP assays.

Main Results:

  • Pseudo-NORs, despite binding UBF and having a loose chromatin structure, replicated throughout S phase, not exclusively in early S phase.
  • Replication of pseudo-NORs was observed at significant levels even in late S phase.
  • Results were consistent across cell lines with pseudo-NORs on different chromosomes.

Conclusions:

  • The loose chromatin structure generated by UBF is not sufficient to ensure early DNA replication.
  • Replication timing is regulated by factors beyond just chromatin structure induced by UBF.