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New viral diseases. A real and potential problem without boundaries.

E D Kilbourne1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.

JAMA
|July 4, 1990
PubMed
Summary

New virus diseases emerge due to viral evolution and environmental changes. While truly novel viruses are rare, preparedness is crucial for managing emerging viral threats and their potential spread.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Viruses are highly mutable parasites, leading to the emergence of new viral diseases.
  • The emergence of novel viruses is constrained by the need to maintain viral structure, function, and ecological adaptation.
  • Many "new" viral diseases arise from increased human exposure to existing viruses due to environmental changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the factors influencing the emergence of new viral diseases.
  • To differentiate between the emergence of new viral strains and the re-emergence of existing ones due to environmental factors.
  • To emphasize the need for preparedness for future viral evolution and disease emergence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of viral evolution principles.
  • Analysis of factors driving viral emergence (mutation, recombination, environmental disruption).
  • Case examples of emerging viral diseases (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hemorrhagic fevers).

Main Results:

  • Viral evolution is rapid, but the emergence of truly novel viruses is limited by biological constraints.
  • Environmental disruptions significantly increase human contact with existing viral pathogens.
  • Novel viruses with pandemic potential have emerged in animal populations through mutation or recombination.

Conclusions:

  • Preparedness for new virus diseases is essential due to ongoing viral mutability and environmental changes.
  • Understanding viral evolution and ecological interactions is key to predicting and managing emerging infectious diseases.
  • Proactive strategies are needed to mitigate the impact of future viral threats.

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