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Related Concept Videos

Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

Contact-dependent Signaling

Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed...
Communication01:03

Communication

Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.
Communication01:28

Communication

Sharing information, concepts, and emotions to foster mutual understanding is communication. The sender, recipient, and transaction must be considered in this manner. The sender is the person who shares the message, the recipient is the person who receives and understands the message, and the transaction is the method used to deliver the message and the variables that affect the communication's context and surroundings. The nurse-client connection is built on therapeutic communication.
Within...
Therapeutic Communication01:30

Therapeutic Communication

Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
Verbal communication depends on language or a prescribed way of using words so that people can share information effectively. The critical aspects of verbal...
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
Ellipses01:30

Ellipses

An ellipse is formed when a right circular cone is intersected by an inclined plane that does not cut through its base. This intersection yields a closed, symmetric curve characterized by distinctive geometric properties. Most notably, an ellipse is defined as the collection of all points in a plane for which the combined distances to two fixed points—called the foci—remain constant.The ellipse features two principal axes: the major and the minor axes. The major axis is the longest diameter,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents
06:15

A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents

Published on: July 10, 2017

Straight talk with...Ellen 't Hoen.

Asher Mullard

    Nature Medicine
    |December 8, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) was launched to improve access to affordable antiretroviral drugs. By sharing intellectual property, MPP aims to develop new HIV treatments, including child-friendly formulations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Global Health
    • Intellectual Property Law
    • Pharmaceutical Policy

    Background:

    • UNITAID established the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) to increase access to affordable antiretroviral drugs in developing nations.
    • The MPP aims to streamline licensing, promote fixed-dose combinations, and encourage pediatric drug formulations for HIV treatment.
    • The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the first patent holder to join, licensing HIV protease inhibitor patents.

    Discussion:

    • Ellen 't Hoen, MPP's executive director, faces the challenge of engaging pharmaceutical companies in intellectual property sharing.
    • The initiative operates within a traditionally guarded sector, requiring strategic engagement to encourage collaboration.
    • Balancing intellectual property rights with global health needs is a key discussion point.

    Key Insights:

    • The MPP represents a novel approach to drug access by leveraging intellectual property sharing.
    • Collaboration between public health organizations and patent holders is crucial for scaling up treatment access.
    • The involvement of the NIH signifies early support for the MPP's objectives.

    Outlook:

    • Future success depends on broader industry participation and the development of innovative licensing models.
    • The MPP could serve as a blueprint for improving access to other essential medicines globally.
    • Continued efforts are needed to overcome legal and commercial barriers to intellectual property sharing in global health.