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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Using a Comparative Species Approach to Investigate the Neurobiology of Paternal Responses
07:59

Using a Comparative Species Approach to Investigate the Neurobiology of Paternal Responses

Published on: September 19, 2011

[Paternal presence--a four-level model].

Andreas Eickhorst1, Marisa Benz, Scholtes Kerstin

  • 1Institut für Psychosmatische Kooperationsforschung und Familientherapie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg. Andreas.eickhorst@med.uni-heidelberg.de

Praxis Der Kinderpsychologie Und Kinderpsychiatrie
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a framework model to integrate fatherhood research. It organizes findings across biological, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and family levels, detailing paternal representation and engagement.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Family Studies

Context:

  • Contemporary fatherhood research presents a complex and often fragmented body of theoretical findings.
  • Understanding paternal roles requires integrating diverse perspectives on fatherhood.

Purpose:

  • To introduce a novel framework model for paternal presence.
  • To assist in the integration of theoretical findings in fatherhood research.
  • To provide a structured approach to understanding fatherhood.

Summary:

  • The proposed model encompasses four nested levels: biological, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and family.
  • Each level examines how fatherhood is represented within fathers and their actual engagement.
  • The framework facilitates a comprehensive analysis of paternal roles and their multifaceted nature.

Impact:

  • Provides a cohesive structure for organizing and interpreting fatherhood research.
  • Enhances the understanding of paternal presence and engagement across different domains.
  • Offers a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians studying fatherhood.