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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Effect of Sea Water on Concrete01:22

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
Concrete in areas between tide marks, which undergo...
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Introduction and Methods of Leveling

Leveling is a surveying procedure used to determine elevation differences between distant points. Elevation refers to the vertical distance above or below a reference datum, typically mean sea level (MSL). In the United States, elevations are often referenced to the mean sea level station at Father Point Rimouski along the St. Lawrence Seaway. To make the datum accessible, permanent markers are established throughout the region. These markers, called benchmarks, have known elevations. If the...

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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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Contemporary sea level rise.

Anny Cazenave1, William Llovel

  • 1Laboratoire d'etudes en géophysique et océanographie spatiales LEGOS-CNES, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées. anny.cazenave@cnes.fr

Annual Review of Marine Science
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global sea level rise is accelerating, driven by ocean thermal expansion and land ice melt. Recent data show these factors account for most of the observed sea level increase.

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Area of Science:

  • Earth Science
  • Oceanography
  • Glaciology

Background:

  • Advances in in situ and remote sensing observations have improved understanding of sea level change.
  • Contemporary sea level rise is a critical indicator of climate change.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report recent findings on contemporary sea level rise.
  • To quantify the contributions of thermal expansion, land ice mass loss, and land water storage to sea level change.
  • To review regional variability in sea level trends.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of tide gauge data from the twentieth century.
  • Satellite altimetry data analysis since the early 1990s.
  • Quantification of climate-related sea level change drivers.

Main Results:

  • For 1993-2007, climate-related contributions (2.85 +/- 0.35 mm/year) closely matched altimetry-based sea level rise (3.3 +/- 0.4 mm/year).
  • Ocean thermal expansion accounts for approximately 30% and land ice melt for approximately 55% of sea level rise (1993-2007).
  • Land ice melt's contribution increased to 80% in the past five years due to accelerated melting.

Conclusions:

  • Ocean thermal expansion is the dominant cause of regional sea level variability.
  • Accelerated land ice melt is a significant and increasing contributor to global sea level rise.
  • Improved observational data have enhanced the understanding of sea level change dynamics.