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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

Thyroid cancer gender disparity.

Reza Rahbari¹, Lisa Zhang, Electron Kebebew

¹Endocrine Oncology Section, Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, MD, USA.

Future Oncology (London, England)

|December 15, 2010

Summary

Thyroid cancer is more common in women, but the reasons for this gender disparity remain unclear. Current evidence suggests that diet, environment, common mutations, and reproductive factors do not explain these differences.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Endocrinology
Genetics

Background:

Thyroid cancer incidence, aggressiveness, and prognosis exhibit significant gender disparities, with women being disproportionately affected.
While established for thyroid cancer, the underlying causes of this gender gap are poorly understood.
Thyroid cancer is a rapidly increasing global cancer diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate current evidence regarding the causes of gender disparity in thyroid cancer.
To explore potential molecular and biological factors contributing to sex differences in thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on thyroid cancer gender disparity.
Analysis of evidence related to dietary, environmental, genetic, and reproductive factors.

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Published on: June 9, 2023

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Published on: November 28, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Examination of recent findings on estrogen receptor status in thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

Dietary, environmental, and common somatic mutations (BRAF, RET/PTC, NTRK) do not appear to significantly contribute to thyroid cancer gender disparity.
Reproductive factors show no conclusive effect on thyroid cancer risk.
Estrogen receptor status varies by histology, influencing estrogen response, but the determinants of receptor expression are unclear.

Conclusions:

No established molecular factors currently explain the observed gender differences in thyroid cancer.
Further investigation using high-throughput genomic and proteomic approaches is recommended to elucidate the molecular basis of gender disparity in thyroid and other cancers.