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Published on: October 10, 2025
Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy and preterm birth: systemic review and analysis of heterogeneity
David N Hackney1, J Christopher Glantz
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA. david_hackney@URMC.rochester.edu
Objective:
To systemically review published studies of vaginal bleeding and the risk of preterm birth (PTB) and explore sources of heterogeneity between them.
Methods:
The literature was searched for peer-reviewed articles from 1980 to 2009 in which the primary analysis was the risk of PTB among low-risk subjects with and without bleeding. Heterogeneity was assessed through I(2) statistics, and sources of heterogeneity were explored through subgroup analyses and meta-regression.
Results:
218 studies were initially identified, 64 reviewed and 23 included. The pooled Odds Ratio for PTB was 1.74, though significant heterogeneity was present (I(2) = 49.7%). Meta-regression demonstrated a significant association between a study's incidence of bleeding and quality assessment and subsequent odds ratio, such that studies with a lower quality assessment or lower incidence of bleeding demonstrated an increased odds of PTB.
Conclusions:
Bleeding in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of PTB; however, excessive heterogeneity exists among published studies. The heterogeneity arises in part from differences in the reported incidence of bleeding within study populations. Presumably studies that identify bleeding in a larger percentage of subjects consequently dilute the magnitude of the risk.
