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Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Modeling toxaphene behavior in the Great Lakes.

Xiaoyan Xia1, Philip K Hopke, Thomas M Holsen

  • 1Center for Air Resource Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, United States.

The Science of the Total Environment
|December 15, 2010
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Summary

Toxaphene, a persistent organic pollutant, shows declining levels in the Great Lakes due to reduced atmospheric deposition. Physical differences in Lake Superior explain its higher toxaphene concentrations, not increased recent inputs.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Aquatic Toxicology
  • Environmental Modeling

Background:

  • Toxaphene, a persistent organic pollutant, is found at concerning levels in the Great Lakes.
  • While toxaphene concentrations have decreased since the 1970s-80s, the decline rate in Lake Superior has slowed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model toxaphene cycling in the Great Lakes.
  • To determine if physical differences among lakes explain elevated toxaphene in Lake Superior's water and fish.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Coastal Zone Model for Persistent Organic Pollutants (CoZMo-POP), a fugacity-based multimedia fate model.
  • Calculated toxaphene concentrations in various environmental compartments (atmosphere, water, soil, sediment, biota).
  • Validated model performance by comparing simulated and reported concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Model simulations generally agreed with observed concentrations within one order of magnitude.
  • Both model and observed data show toxaphene decline since the 1980s, primarily due to lower atmospheric deposition.
  • Lake Superior's higher toxaphene levels are explained by its physical characteristics (volume, residence time, temperature), not increased recent inputs.

Conclusions:

  • The CoZMo-POP2 model effectively simulates toxaphene variations across the Great Lakes basin.
  • Physical lake differences, particularly Lake Superior's large volume, long residence time, and cold temperatures, account for its elevated toxaphene concentrations.
  • Reduced atmospheric deposition is the main driver for the overall decline in toxaphene levels.