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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

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Nucleon form factor studies at JLab.

A Giusa1, V Bellini, F Mammoliti

  • 1Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Catania, via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy. antonio.giusa@ct.infn.it

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Measurements of proton form factors up to 9 (GeV/c)^2 reveal unexpected behavior. Future experiments with the upgraded CEBAF 12GeV electron beam and Super BigBite spectrometer will extend these measurements to 15 (GeV/c)^2.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Particle Physics
  • Electromagnetic Interactions

Background:

  • The ratio of electromagnetic proton elastic form factors, G(p)(E)/G(p)(M), is crucial for understanding proton structure.
  • Previous measurements at Jefferson Lab using the CEBAF 6GeV electron beam extended to Q^2 approximately 9 (GeV/c)^2.
  • An unexpected and challenging physical behavior was observed in these measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the ratio of electromagnetic proton elastic form factors, G(p)(E)/G(p)(M), at higher momentum transfer.
  • To investigate the behavior of proton and neutron form factors at Q^2 around 10-15 (GeV/c)^2.
  • To utilize the capabilities of the upgraded CEBAF 12GeV electron beam and the Super BigBite spectrometer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the CEBAF 6GeV electron beam for initial measurements.
  • Employing the new large-acceptance forward spectrometer Super BigBite (SBS) in Hall A for future measurements.
  • Extending measurements up to Q^2 approximately 15 (GeV/c)^2 with the 12GeV upgrade.

Main Results:

  • The ratio G(p)(E)/G(p)(M) has been measured up to Q^2 approximately 9 (GeV/c)^2.
  • An unexpected and challenging physical behavior was revealed in the measured proton form factor ratio.
  • Future measurements are expected to show similar behavior for neutron form factors.

Conclusions:

  • The behavior of proton form factors at high Q^2 presents a significant challenge to current theoretical models.
  • The 12GeV upgrade at Jefferson Lab will enable crucial measurements of proton and neutron form factors at higher Q^2.
  • Understanding quark confinement effects in this region is essential for a complete picture of nucleon structure.