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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...

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Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis
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Nuclear Ca(2+) signalling.

Maria Teresa Alonso1, Javier García-Sancho

  • 1Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.

Cell Calcium
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium (Ca2+) signaling regulates gene transcription by influencing nuclear Ca2+ levels. Nuclear Ca2+ dynamics can be independent of cytosolic changes, impacting gene expression through various nuclear mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) changes are crucial for gene transcription, potentially by affecting nuclear transcription factor migration.
  • Nucleoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]N) directly influences gene expression, with changes possibly originating from cytosolic Ca2+ or direct nuclear release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms of nuclear calcium signaling in gene transcription.
  • To investigate the potential for dissociated nuclear and cytosolic calcium signaling pathways.
  • To discuss the role of nuclear subdomains in calcium regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on calcium signaling pathways within the nucleus.
  • Analysis of the presence and function of key calcium-related molecules (e.g., IP3R, RyR, phospholipase C) in the nucleus.
  • Discussion of the localization and potential roles of nuclear subdomains.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests the presence and activity of calcium-mobilizing enzymes and receptors (e.g., IP3R, RyR) within the nucleus.
  • Nuclear calcium signaling can occur independently of cytosolic calcium levels.
  • Nuclear calcium-regulating molecules may exhibit atypical localization, not restricted to the nuclear envelope.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear calcium dynamics play a direct role in regulating gene expression.
  • The nucleus possesses intrinsic mechanisms for calcium signaling, allowing for potential dissociation from cytosolic signals.
  • Nuclear subdomains may serve specialized roles in compartmentalizing and modulating nuclear calcium signals.