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Updated: Jun 6, 2026
Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes
Published on: April 1, 2013
1,2-Dihydroxynaphthalene as biomarker for a naphthalene exposure in humans
Katrin Klotz1, Birgit Karin Schindler, Jürgen Angerer
1University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
Objectives:
The possibly carcinogenic properties of naphthalene are, regarding to its ubiquitary presence, of environmental-medical and occupational-medical importance. Seven isomeric dihydroxynaphthalenes (DHN) were examined for their suitability as biomarkers in human biomonitoring and to get insights in human naphthalene metabolism.
Methods:
We developed a GC-MS-method for the quantification of 1,2-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 2,6- and 2,7-DHN after solid phase extraction and derivatization with BSA/TMCS. The internal burden of DHN after exposure to naphthalene was determined by measuring urine collected from smokers and non-smokers among the general population and among occupationally exposed persons.
Results:
The elaborated method can be regarded as specific and sensitive procedure to quantify the seven different DHN. In human urine, we detected 1,2-DHN as main metabolite in 54 of the 55 analysed samples. Median 1,2-DHN values (range) were 1012 μg/L (22-6477 μg/L) for workers and 8 μg/L (
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