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Related Concept Videos

Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
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Anxiolytic Drugs: Benzodiazepines and Buspirone

Benzodiazepines are a class of anxiolytic drugs known for their rapid efficacy and high therapeutic-to-lethal dose ratio, but with a potential risk of drug dependence. These drugs are lipophilic, allowing for rapid absorption after oral administration, eventually reaching the central nervous system (CNS). Once in the CNS, benzodiazepines bind to the allosteric site of the GABAA receptor. This binding enhances the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA. By doing so, they prevent...
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Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Serotonin Receptor Agonists

Serotonin, a crucial neurotransmitter synthesized by enterochromaffin cells, plays a cardinal role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility. With over 90% of the body's total serotonin in the GI tract, its influence on digestive processes is profound. Serotonin is swiftly released upon various stimuli, such as food boluses or certain drugs, triggering intrinsic sensory neurons in the myenteric plexus and extrinsic vagal and spinal sensory neurons. This leads to the activation of the...
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Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
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Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
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Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
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Published on: February 23, 2015

Gender differences in brain serotonin transporter availability in panic disorder.

Eduard Maron1, Innar Tõru, Jussi Hirvonen

  • 1Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Molecular Imaging, Imperial College London, London, UK. e.maron@imperial.ac.uk

Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Serotonin transporter (SERT) availability in the brain differs between males and females with panic disorder (PD). Male PD patients showed altered SERT binding, unlike females, suggesting gender-specific neurobiology in panic disorder.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The serotonin system's role in panic disorder (PD) is unclear.
  • Previous studies suggested reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) availability in PD, primarily in females.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gender-specific differences in brain SERT binding potential (BP (ND)) in patients with PD.
  • To compare SERT BP (ND) in male and female PD patients with healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Positron emission tomography (PET) with [¹¹C]MADAM tracer used to measure SERT BP (ND).
  • Groups included male and female patients with PD and matched healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • Male PD patients exhibited significantly higher SERT BP (ND) in 13 brain regions, including cortical and raphe areas, but lower in the hippocampus compared to healthy males.
  • No significant differences in SERT BP (ND) were found between female PD patients and controls.
  • Findings suggest gender-dependent alterations in brain SERT availability in PD.

Conclusions:

  • Brain SERT availability shows gender-dependent regional differences in panic disorder.
  • These findings may explain gender-specific variations in PD presentation and neurobiology.
  • Results align with previous studies showing altered 5-HT1A receptor binding in PD.