Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 6, 2026

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
Published on: November 23, 2013
Kinesigenic dyskinesia in a case of voltage-gated potassium channel-complex protein antibody encephalitis
Enrique Aradillas1, Robert J Schwartzman
1Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.
Objective:
To describe the first case (to our knowledge) of voltage-gated potassium channel-complex protein antibody encephalitis with kinesigenic dyskinesia and cramp-fasciculation syndrome.
Design:
Case report.
Setting:
Hospitalized care.
Patient:
A 38-year-old man with a history of bronchial asthma, eczema, vitiligo, and immune complex mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis presented with abnormal movements.
Main Outcome Measures:
Clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, electromyography and nerve conduction studies, video-electroencephalographic monitoring, plasmapheresis exchange therapy, and intravenous immunoglobulin administration.
Results:
Clinical examination revealed paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and fasciculations. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a left caudate and left putamen increased signal lesion on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences as well as increased flow in the same region on single-photon emission computed tomographic scans. Electromyography and nerve conduction studies revealed significant afterdischarges, cramp potentials, and continuous motor activity. The video-electroencephalographic monitoring revealed no epileptiform discharges. The patient dramatically improved after 5 plasmapheresis exchange treatments and a course of intravenous immunoglobulin at 2 gm/kg over 5 divided doses.
Conclusion:
To our knowledge, this is the first report of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with voltage-gated potassium channel-complex protein antibody encephalitis associated with the cramp fasciculation syndrome.
Related Concept Videos
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology
Encephalitis l: Introduction
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
Botulism

