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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
10:22

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Allergen interactions with epithelium.

Sanna Toppila-Salmi1, Jutta Renkonen, Sakari Joenväärä

  • 1Transplantation Laboratory & Infection Biology Research Program, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki & HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Allergies may stem from an underactive epithelial response, not just an overactive immune system. This suggests new allergy treatment targets focusing on epithelial cell function.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
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Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface
10:38

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Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
11:54

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Published on: January 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Allergies represent a growing global health concern with increasing prevalence.
  • Current understanding of allergy pathogenesis primarily focuses on T-cell-mediated immune overactivity.
  • Optimal treatments for allergies remain limited, highlighting a need for novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the conventional view of allergies as solely T-cell-driven.
  • To investigate the role of epithelial cell function in the development of allergies.
  • To explore alternative pathogenetic mechanisms beyond immune system overreaction.

Main Methods:

  • Intranasal allergen challenge with birch pollen in allergic patients and healthy controls.
  • Assessment of allergen transport across the respiratory epithelium.
  • Transcriptomic analysis of epithelial responses to allergen challenge.

Main Results:

  • Birch pollen allergen transport via caveolar-dependent mechanisms was observed exclusively in allergic individuals.
  • Healthy individuals exhibited a robust epithelial response to intranasal allergen challenge.
  • Allergic patients displayed a diminished epithelial response, indicating potential hyporeactivity.

Conclusions:

  • The respiratory epithelium functions as a dynamic organ with significant immunological roles.
  • Allergies may involve hyporeactive epithelial responses, contrasting with the typical overactive immune model.
  • Understanding epithelial-allergen interactions offers promising new avenues for allergy prevention and management.