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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Shapes01:18

Molecular Shapes

Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...
Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
MO Theory and Covalent Bonding02:40

MO Theory and Covalent Bonding

The molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in a manner similar to the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals. The region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found is called a molecular orbital. Mathematically, the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) generates molecular orbitals. Combinations of in-phase atomic orbital wave functions result in regions with a high probability of electron density, while...
Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
VSEPR Theory02:37

VSEPR Theory

Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) enables us to predict the molecular structure around a central atom from an examination of the number of bonds and lone electron pairs in its Lewis structure. The VSEPR model assumes that electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between these electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The electrons in the valence shell of a central atom form either bonding...
Molecular Orbital Theory II03:51

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
14:55

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Published on: September 17, 2017

A molecular-structure hypothesis.

Jan C A Boeyens1

  • 1Unit for Advanced Study, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa; E-Mail: jan.boeyens@up.ac.za ; Tel.: +27-12-420-4528;

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-similar symmetries observed in nature suggest atomic and molecular structures may also exhibit this pattern. However, quantum molecules possess structure only in four dimensions, not three, precluding classical simulation.

Keywords:
atomic structurefibonacci phyllotaxisgeneral covalencegolden meanhypercomplex numberlogarithmic spiralmolecular shapequantum potentialquaternionself-similaritysolar systemspace-time topology

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Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Cosmology

Background:

  • Observed self-similar symmetries across diverse natural systems, from atomic nuclei to galaxies.
  • The prevailing molecular structure-hypothesis is based on three-dimensional classical physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the possibility of self-similar symmetries in atomic and molecular structures.
  • To extend the molecular structure-hypothesis into four-dimensional space-time.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical exploration of molecular structure-hypothesis.
  • Extension of the hypothesis into four-dimensional space-time.

Main Results:

  • A quantum molecule's structure is fundamentally four-dimensional.
  • Classical, three-dimensional structure cannot be accurately simulated by quantum-chemical computations.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum molecular structure is intrinsically linked to four-dimensional space-time.
  • Classical computational methods are insufficient to model quantum molecular structures due to dimensional differences.