Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A Multicenter Evaluation of Sex-Specific Differences in Pre-Hospital Care and Patient Outcome of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Journal of neurotrauma·2026

Same author

Periodic limb movements during sedation and general anesthesia in elderly patients: a prospective observational study.

Journal of clinical monitoring and computing·2026

Same author

Consensus document on electroencephalography education in anaesthesiology: defining learning outcomes: A modified four-round Delphi study.

European journal of anaesthesiology·2026

Same author

Prehospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Patients with Suspected Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A BRAIN PROTECT Sub-Analysis.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026

Same author

The dose-response relationship between norepinephrine dose and mean arterial pressure with and without general anaesthesia: A study in healthy volunteers.

European journal of anaesthesiology·2026

Same author

The Effects of Depth of Anesthesia on Muscle-Recorded Motor Evoked Potentials: A Prospective Observational Study.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Changes in resting neural connectivity during propofol sedation.

Emmanuel A Stamatakis¹, Ram M Adapa, Anthony R Absalom

¹Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. eas46@cam.ac.uk

|December 15, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Brain connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex shifts during sedation. This default mode network exploration reveals altered interactions with motor and sensory areas under propofol.

More Related Videos

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Published on: September 24, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Published on: September 24, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Brain Imaging

Background:

The default mode network (DMN) comprises interconnected brain regions active during rest.
The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is implicated in consciousness.
Previous studies on PCC connectivity during sedation/anesthesia yielded inconsistent findings.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate alterations in posterior cingulate cortex connectivity across varying levels of consciousness.
To explore the impact of propofol-induced sedation on brain network interactions.

Main Methods:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast.
Data acquired from healthy volunteers under awake, low, and moderate sedation conditions.
Analysis focused on resting-state connectivity of the PCC.

Main Results:

Posterior cingulate cortex connectivity significantly changed during sedation.
Sedation led to the inclusion of motor/somatosensory cortices and anterior thalamic nuclei in PCC networks.
Connectivity patterns involved the reticular activating system, not typically part of the DMN.

Conclusions:

The observed neuroanatomical signature during sedation resembles non-REM sleep patterns.
This suggests a reduction in discriminable brain states under sedation.
Findings indicate a shift towards more stereotypic neural firing patterns during sedation.