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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Application of Acupotomy in a Knee Osteoarthritis Model in Rabbit
08:40

Application of Acupotomy in a Knee Osteoarthritis Model in Rabbit

Published on: October 20, 2023

Patellar shape can be a predisposing factor in patellar instability.

Alfredo Schiavone Panni1, Simone Cerciello, Nicola Maffulli

  • 1Science of Health Orthopaedic Department, Molise University, Campobasso, Italy. a.schiavone@iol.it

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the ESSKA
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Patellar shape is linked to instability, with type C patellas associated with trochlear dysplasia and increased lateral stress. Rehabilitation may help reduce type C patella incidence in young patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Application of Acupotomy in a Knee Osteoarthritis Model in Rabbit
08:40

Application of Acupotomy in a Knee Osteoarthritis Model in Rabbit

Published on: October 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Objective patellar instability is linked to factors like trochlear dysplasia and patellar tilt.
  • Patellar shape has not been traditionally considered a predisposing factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between predisposing factors of patellar instability and patellar shape.
  • To determine if patellar shape is influenced by dynamic and static factors.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 105 patients (140 knees) with objective patellar instability.
  • Evaluation using static and dynamic CT scans, and plain radiographs (AP, lateral, skyline views).

Main Results:

  • Significant association found between patellar shape and patellar tilt (static and dynamic).
  • Wiberg type C patellar shape correlated with grade 3 trochlear dysplasia.
  • Grade 3 trochlear dysplasia associated with increased tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance and relaxed patellar tilt.

Conclusions:

  • Increased lateral stresses may contribute to the development of a Wiberg type C patella.
  • An imbalance in dynamic stabilizers may be an additional factor.
  • Rehabilitation programs targeting stabilizer balance could reduce type C patella incidence.