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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

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Corrigendum to "Nail-to-bicondylar ratio, but not CPAK classification, is associated with arthrosis and deformity progression after retrograde fixator-assisted nailing for distal femoral deformity in metabolic bone disease" [The Knee 62 (2026) 104520].

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Predictive value of kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with diabetic kidney disease.

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Comparison of Local Anesthetic Concentration in Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) Block for Total Hip Arthroplasty Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

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Does retrograde entry in femoral lengthening over nail allow greater lengthening without increasing complications? A single-surgeon cohort study.

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Nail-to-bicondylar ratio, but not CPAK classification, is associated with arthrosis and deformity progression after retrograde fixator-assisted nailing for distal femoral deformity in metabolic bone disease.

The Knee·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

[Overlooked primary hyperparathyroidism presented with fractures: case report].

Bora Bostan1, Mehmet Erdem, Taner Güneş

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey. borabostan@gmail.com

Ulusal Travma Ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi = Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery : TJTES
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This case highlights a patient with overlooked primary hyperparathyroidism leading to osteitis fibrosa cystica and fractures. Early biochemical and radiological screening is crucial for diagnosing such vague symptoms.

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism can lead to significant bone complications if undiagnosed.
  • Osteitis fibrosa cystica is a rare skeletal manifestation of prolonged hyperparathyroidism.

Observation:

  • A female patient presented with vague symptoms including dyspepsia, fatigue, and weight loss over six years.
  • She developed pathological fractures of the femur and tibia due to multiple cystic bone lesions.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism and osteitis fibrosa cystica.
  • Fractures were successfully managed with interlocking nailing and grafting, leading to uneventful healing.

Implications:

  • Emphasizes the importance of comprehensive biochemical and radiological evaluation for patients with non-specific symptoms.
  • Highlights the need for early detection and management of primary hyperparathyroidism to prevent severe skeletal complications.