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Related Concept Videos

Personal Protective Equipment01:20

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is unique clothing or equipment worn by an employee to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious agents. PPE creates a barrier between the employee and the infectious materials. PPE must be readily available in the patient care area. PPE includes gloves, gowns and aprons, masks and respirators, goggles, face shields, shoes, and headcovers:
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning01:22

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning

Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing

The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects
06:57

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects

Published on: February 12, 2021

Physiological responses to wearing a prototype firefighter ensemble compared with a standard ensemble.

W Jon Williams1, Aitor Coca, Raymond Roberge

  • 1National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, USA. aun7@cdc.gov

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A prototype firefighter ensemble rerouting exhaust gases did not reduce thermal stress or improve endurance time compared to the standard ensemble. The modified gear, despite its design, did not offer the anticipated physiological benefits for firefighters.

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A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings
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A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings

Published on: January 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Human Physiology
  • Protective Clothing Technology

Background:

  • Firefighter ensembles aim to protect against hazards but can increase physiological strain.
  • Novel designs, like rerouting self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) exhaust, are explored to mitigate heat stress.
  • The prototype ensemble (PE) featured enhanced encapsulation and a novel SCBA exhaust rerouting system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the physiological responses to a prototype firefighter ensemble (PE) compared to a standard ensemble (SE).
  • To determine if rerouting SCBA exhaust gases in the PE provides convective cooling and reduces thermal or physiological stress.
  • To test the hypothesis that the PE would impose less or similar physiological stress compared to the SE.

Main Methods:

  • Ten subjects performed treadmill exercise at 50% VO2max in a controlled environmental chamber (22°C, 50% RH).
  • Physiological measures included heart rate (HR), rectal and intestinal temperatures (T(re), T(in)), skin temperature (T(sk)), sweat loss, and endurance time.
  • Subjects wore either the SE or the PE (with or without the hose attached for exhaust rerouting).

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were observed in T(re), T(in), HR, or total sweat loss between the SE and PE conditions.
  • Skin temperature (T(sk)) was significantly higher when wearing the PE compared to the SE.
  • Total endurance time was significantly lower in the PE conditions compared to the SE.

Conclusions:

  • Rerouting SCBA exhaust gases to the upper torso did not provide significant convective cooling or reduce thermal stress under mild environmental conditions.
  • The prototype ensemble did not support the hypotheses of reduced physiological stress or improved endurance compared to the standard ensemble.
  • The enhanced encapsulation features of the PE may have contributed to increased physiological strain, negating potential benefits of the exhaust rerouting system.