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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

The Use of Mixed Reality in Custom-Made Revision Hip Arthroplasty: A First Case Report
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Homing in on a biological joint replacement.

Farshid Guilak1

  • 1Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Duke, University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. guilak@duke.edu

Stem Cell Research & Therapy
|December 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Acellular scaffolds with transforming growth factor beta 3 can attract cells to regenerate hyaline-like cartilage. This breakthrough in tissue engineering offers hope for repairing entire joint surfaces, not just focal defects.

Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Research

Background:

  • Traditional articular cartilage repair focuses on cell-based therapies for focal defects.
  • Existing methods often struggle with regenerating the native hyaline cartilage surface.

Discussion:

  • A novel acellular scaffold incorporating transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3) demonstrated efficacy.
  • The scaffold successfully induced the homing of endogenous cells to the defect site.

Key Insights:

  • TGF-β3 loaded acellular scaffolds can promote the regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage.
  • This approach shows potential for regenerating larger, more complex joint surface areas.

Outlook:

  • Future research may enable tissue engineering for complete joint surface regeneration.

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  • This could revolutionize treatment for osteoarthritis and other degenerative joint diseases.