Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

Types of Toxins

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...

Toxic Reactions: Overview

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A Global Overview of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Regulatory Strategies and Their Environmental Impact.

Toxics·2025

Same author

COVID-19 Vaccination Reporting and Adverse Event Analysis in Taiwan.

Vaccines·2024

Same author

Pharmacogenomic Landscape of Ivermectin and Selective Antioxidants: Exploring Gene Interplay in the Context of Long COVID.

International journal of molecular sciences·2023

Same author

Pharmacological Mechanism of NRICM101 for COVID-19 Treatments by Combined Network Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.

International journal of molecular sciences·2022

Same author

Minocycline and Doxycycline: More Than Antibiotics.

Current molecular pharmacology·2021

Same author

The Prevention of Hæmolytic Disease of the Newborn by Non-Specific Immunization: Experience of a Case.

The Indian medical gazette·2017

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Collection of Alfalfa Root Exudates to Study the Impact of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Metabolite Production

Collection of Alfalfa Root Exudates to Study the Impact of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Metabolite Production

Published on: June 2, 2023

Phthalates: toxicogenomics and inferred human diseases.

Sher Singh¹, Steven Shoei-Lung Li

¹Department of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan. sher@ntnu.edu.tw

|December 16, 2010

Summary

Phthalate exposure causes toxicity, impacting development and reproduction. Researchers identified 34 key genes and proteins that may serve as biomarkers for phthalate toxicity, linking exposure to cardiovascular, liver, and urologic diseases.

More Related Videos

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Collection of Alfalfa Root Exudates to Study the Impact of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Metabolite Production

Collection of Alfalfa Root Exudates to Study the Impact of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Metabolite Production

Published on: June 2, 2023

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

Area of Science:

Toxicology
Genomics
Environmental Health

Background:

Phthalates are common plasticizers leaching into the environment.
Evidence links phthalate exposure to developmental and reproductive toxicity in rodents.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify molecular biomarkers for phthalate toxicity.
To analyze the pathways and networks associated with phthalate exposure.

Main Methods:

Extracted phthalate-gene/protein interactions from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD).
Analyzed Gene Ontology, pathways, and networks for 249 unique genes/proteins interacting with five major phthalates.
Identified top 34 genes/proteins with similar pathway/network profiles.

Main Results:

Identified 445 interactions between five phthalates and 249 genes/proteins.
Top 34 genes/proteins showed similar pathway/network profiles to the larger set.
Phthalate toxicity categories included cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity.
Associated diseases spanned cardiovascular, liver, urologic, endocrine, and genital systems.

Conclusions:

The top 34 genes/proteins identified may serve as molecular biomarkers for phthalate toxicity.
Phthalate exposure is linked to significant health risks, including organ-specific toxicities and chronic diseases.