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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

Determination

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Establishing Organoids from Human Tooth as a Powerful Tool Toward Mechanistic Research and Regenerative Therapy

Establishing Organoids from Human Tooth as a Powerful Tool Toward Mechanistic Research and Regenerative Therapy

Published on: April 13, 2022

Expression of clock proteins in developing tooth.

Li Zheng¹, Silvana Papagerakis, Santiago D Schnell

¹Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Gene Expression Patterns : GEP

|December 16, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Circadian clock genes are present in developing teeth, influencing enamel and dentin formation. Their expression in ameloblasts and odontoblasts suggests a role in tooth development regulation.

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Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

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Published on: February 9, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Establishing Organoids from Human Tooth as a Powerful Tool Toward Mechanistic Research and Regenerative Therapy

Establishing Organoids from Human Tooth as a Powerful Tool Toward Mechanistic Research and Regenerative Therapy

Published on: April 13, 2022

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

Published on: February 9, 2017

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Developmental Biology
Chronobiology

Background:

Circadian rhythms, regulated by clock genes, govern physiological processes.
Tooth development involves ameloblast and odontoblast differentiation, potentially under circadian control.
Limited knowledge exists on clock gene expression during tooth development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the expression of four key clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2) during tooth development.
To determine the localization and temporal changes of clock gene proteins in developing teeth.

Main Methods:

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect clock gene mRNAs.
Immunohistochemistry to visualize clock protein expression in tooth tissues at different developmental stages (E17, PN4, PN21).

Main Results:

Clock gene mRNAs (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2) were detected in developing teeth.
Clock proteins were first observed at the bell stage (E17) in enamel organ epithelium and dental papilla cells.
Strong nuclear expression of clock proteins was found in ameloblasts and odontoblasts at PN4, with differential expression in incisors and molars at PN21.
Epithelial rests of Malassez in the periodontal ligament showed high clock protein expression.

Conclusions:

Circadian clock genes are expressed in key cells of developing teeth, including ameloblasts and odontoblasts.
Clock gene expression patterns suggest a role in regulating enamel and dentin formation processes.
Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise functions of clock genes in tooth development and mineralization.