Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 31, 2026

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus
Published on: November 6, 2014
Upper extremity deformities associated with the orofacial clefts
Abstract:
A material of 89 cases of upper extremity deformities, among the 3225 cleft patients born during the period 1950-75, and treated in the Finnish Red Cross Cleft Centre is presented. About two-thirds of the patients had an isolated cleft palate--half of the male and nearly all of the female patients. The percentage of upper extremity deformities appearing with the different types of the orofacial clefts was, for clefts of the primary palate 2.0: specifically for cleft lip 0.8, cleft lip--palate 2.6, and cleft lip and palate 3.6; and for clefts of the secondary palate 3.5: specifically for cleft palate 3.7, submucous cleft palate 1.6; and for the branchial arch syndrome (lateral cleft) 5.2; the total average being 2.8 percent. About one-third of the patients were dwarfs, most of them diastrophic dwarfs. Syndactyly was somewhat more common among cleft patients, 0.3%, than in the average population. Polydactyly, 0.1% was about as common as the average. Ectrodactyly was more common among cleft patients, 0.4%, than either syndactyly or polydactyly that are considered the most common hand deformities among the general population. The syndactyly cases were more complicated than the average, among them 4 cases of Apert syndrome were noted. About three-fourths of the 89 patients had multiple deformities.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Fractures: Bone Repair
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Sutures of the Skull
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

