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Related Concept Videos

Chain Reactions01:29

Chain Reactions

Chain reactions involve highly reactive transient species, such as atoms or free radicals, as intermediates. These intermediates facilitate rapid reactions over an extended period. The process includes a series of steps: a reactive intermediate is consumed, reactants are converted to products, and the intermediate is regenerated. This cycle enables continuous repetition, amplifying the production of products with a small amount of intermediate. Chain reactions often utilize free radicals as...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

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Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy
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Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy

Published on: March 16, 2020

Surface-mediated chain reaction through dissociative attachment.

Tingbin Lim1, John C Polanyi, Hong Guo

  • 1Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Science, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.

Nature Chemistry
|December 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new surface reaction mechanism for creating long, linear nanopatterns. This method uses CH(3)Cl molecules to bridge silicon dimers, enabling chain reactions for indefinite growth on surfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Surface-mediated chain reactions are crucial for linear nanopatterning.
  • Previous cooperative reactions on silicon surfaces were limited in propagation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a novel mechanism for extended chain growth on silicon surfaces.
  • To enable indefinite chain length through chemical bridging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing CH(3)Cl molecules to bridge silicon dimers.
  • Investigating surface-mediated charge transfer for reaction propagation.
  • Employing experimental analysis and ab initio theory.

Main Results:

  • Successfully formed extended chains by chemically bridging gaps between silicon dimers.
  • CH(3)Cl dissociatively attaches CH(3) and Cl, creating reactive sites.
  • Surface charge transfer facilitates dangling bond formation, enabling indefinite chain growth.

Conclusions:

  • A versatile mechanism for creating indefinitely long chains on surfaces has been established.
  • This method offers a new route to controlled linear nanopatterning.
  • The findings combine experimental and theoretical insights into surface reaction dynamics.