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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma: New insight into epidemiology and risk factors
Vincenzo Cardinale1, Rossella Semeraro, Alessia Torrice
1Vincenzo Cardinale, Rossella Semeraro, Alessia Torrice, Manuela Gatto, Cristina Napoli, Maria Consiglia Bragazzi, Raffaele Gentile, Domenico Alvaro, Dipartimento di Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Abstract:
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumour that arises from biliary epithelium at any portion of the biliary tree. CCA is currently classified as intra-hepatic or extra-hepatic CCA (EH-CCA). Recent evidences suggest that intra-hepatic CCA (IH-CCA) and EH-CCA are biologically different cancers, giving further support to a number of recent epidemiological studies showing large differences in terms of incidence, mortality and risk factors. The purpose of this manuscript is to review recent literature dealing with the descriptive epidemiology and risk factors of CCA with a special effort to compare IH- with EH-CCA.
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