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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
07:45

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Published on: February 9, 2021

Cystone® for 1 year did not change urine chemistry or decrease stone burden in cystine stone formers.

Stephen B Erickson1, Terri J Vrtiska, Vincent J Canzanello

  • 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA. erickson.stephen@mayo.edu

Urological Research
|December 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found Cystone® did not improve urinary chemistry or reduce cystine kidney stone burden. The herbal treatment showed no significant effect on preventing stone formation or promoting passage in recurrent stone formers.

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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
07:45

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Published on: February 9, 2021

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture

Published on: November 25, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Urology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Recurrent cystine kidney stones pose a significant clinical challenge due to limited effective prevention strategies.
  • Cystone® is a herbal formulation marketed for the prevention and management of kidney stones, including cystine stones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Cystone® in patients with recurrent cystine kidney stones.
  • To assess Cystone®'s impact on urinary chemistries and renal stone burden.

Main Methods:

  • A 2-phased study involving recurrent cystine stone formers.
  • Phase 1: Randomized, double-blind, 12-week crossover study of Cystone® vs. placebo on urinary composition.
  • Phase 2: Open-label, 1-year study assessing changes in renal stone burden via CT scans.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant changes in urinary volume, pH, or cystine excretion were observed with Cystone® use.
  • Overall renal stone burden did not decrease; quantitative CT scoring indicated an increase in stone burden in most patients.
  • Seven kidneys showed stone reduction (spontaneous or surgical), but overall stone burden increased in seven and remained unchanged in nine.

Conclusions:

  • Cystone® did not demonstrate a favorable effect on urinary chemistries relevant to cystine stone formation.
  • The herbal treatment did not appear to prevent stone growth or facilitate stone passage over a 1-year period in this patient cohort.