Fluorinated retinoids and carotenoids
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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published on: December 27, 2024
1Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. rshl@hawaii.edu
Abstract:
Methods of preparing fluorinated retinoids with labels located on odd-numbered carbons as well on even-numbered carbons and those containing trifluoromethyl groups are reviewed. The use of such retinoids in studies of protein-bound species is summarized, including the application of (19)F NMR spectroscopy for elucidating the mechanism of cis/trans isomerization, restricted rotation within the protein binding pocket, and identification of specific protein-substrate interactions. The fluorine label was also useful for wavelength attenuation of protein-bound species (including formation of NIR absorbing pigments) and for other unique applications. The more limited studies available on fluorinated carotenoids are also reviewed.
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