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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Insipidus I: Introduction01:29

Diabetes Insipidus I: Introduction

Definition Diabetes insipidus is a disorder marked by the production of large amounts of dilute urine because of impaired vasopressin production, release, or kidney response. The lack of effective vasopressin action limits water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts, which leads to excessive urinary water loss and intense thirst.Clinical PresentationIndividuals with diabetes insipidus report persistent thirst and very high urine output. In severe cases, fluid intake can reach up to 20...
Diabetes Insipidus II: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetes Insipidus II: Pathophysiology

Normally, water balance is maintained through three interconnected mechanisms: the hypothalamic thirst center, the synthesis and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin), and the kidneys' responsiveness to this hormone. ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus, released from the posterior pituitary, and acts on the distal nephron, allowing water reabsorption and concentrated urine production.Diabetes Insipidus and Its TypesIn diabetes insipidus (DI), this regulatory system is...
Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Unrenewable Cells00:50

Unrenewable Cells

In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
Photoreceptors
The retina is composed of several layers and contains specialized cells called photoreceptors. The photoreceptors (rods and cones) change their membrane potential when stimulated by light energy. There are two types of photoreceptors—rods and cones—which differ in the shape of their outer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells
07:07

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

Published on: March 8, 2015

Incontinentia pigmenti.

Ali Jabbari1, Jonathan Ralston, Julie V Schaffer

  • 1Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

Dermatology Online Journal
|December 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Incontinentia pigmenti is a genetic skin disorder affecting multiple organs. Early diagnosis in infants, recognizing skin lesions and blood counts, is crucial for preventing vision loss.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is an X-linked dominant genodermatosis.
  • It affects the skin, teeth, eyes, and central nervous system.

Observation:

  • A case of an infant girl with IP is presented.
  • Cutaneous findings progressed through vesicular, verrucous, and hyperpigmented stages within the first year.
  • Neonatal presentation included linear vesicular lesions, peripheral eosinophilia, and leukocytosis.

Findings:

  • The clinical presentation and laboratory findings can mimic infectious etiologies.
  • Early recognition of characteristic skin lesions and bloodwork aids in diagnosis.

Implications:

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  • Prompt diagnosis of Incontinentia pigmenti enables timely ophthalmologic evaluation.
  • Early intervention can help prevent severe visual sequelae in affected infants.