[COPD and bone metabolism: a clinical update]

Increasing evidence indicates that COPD and osteoporosis are strongly linked. Both diseases share common risk factors like age, smoking and inactivity but the typical presence in COPD of systemic inflammation, vitamin D deficiency and the frequent use of corticosteroids catalyse ongoing bone resorption. Osteoporosis in its turn may lead to vertebral compression fractures with a consequent further decline of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second. In addition, fragility fractures in disabled COPD patients may cause further immobility and increased morbidity. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in COPD should therefore be based on population specific risk assessments which combine measures of bone mineral density and clinical factors. Unfortunately, intervention studies specifically designed for patients with COPD are currently lacking and no specific guidelines have yet been established. Hence, a rigorous application of the current treatment guidelines with respect to osteoporosis in general would already be a major step forward in the treatment of COPD.