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Related Concept Videos

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production
07:06

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Published on: November 22, 2013

Macrophages recognize streptococci through bacterial single-stranded RNA.

Sachin D Deshmukh1, Bernhard Kremer, Marina Freudenberg

  • 1Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Centre, University Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 117, Freiburg 79106, Germany.

EMBO Reports
|December 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Group B streptococcus recognition by immune cells depends on bacterial single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). This finding offers new insights into sepsis pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

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Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Published on: November 3, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis.
  • The mechanisms by which monocytes and macrophages recognize GBS are not well understood.
  • Inflammation is a key characteristic of GBS-induced diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the recognition of GBS by immune cells.
  • To identify the bacterial components involved in this recognition process.
  • To elucidate the signaling pathways activated by GBS interaction with macrophages and monocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized macrophages and monocytes for in vitro studies.
  • Investigated the role of bacterial single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) in GBS recognition.
  • Analyzed the involvement of Toll-like receptor adaptors MyD88 and UNC-93B in the signaling complex.

Main Results:

  • Macrophage and monocyte recognition of GBS and other Gram-positive bacteria is mediated by bacterial ssRNA.
  • ssRNA interacts with a signaling complex containing MyD88 and UNC-93B.
  • This interaction does not involve previously identified MyD88-dependent ssRNA sensors.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial ssRNA is a critical factor in the innate immune recognition of Gram-positive bacteria like GBS.
  • The identified signaling pathway involving MyD88 and UNC-93B provides a novel mechanism for bacterial sensing.
  • Understanding this pathway has implications for developing new strategies for sepsis diagnosis and treatment.