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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...

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Rejection of Fluorescence Background in Resonance and Spontaneous Raman Microspectroscopy
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Entirely passive reach extended GPON using Raman amplification.

Benyuan Zhu1

  • 1OFS Labs, 19 Schoolhouse Rd, Somerset New Jersey, 08873, USA. bzhu@ofsoptics.com

Optics Express
|December 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel passive extended-reach Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) system. The new design eliminates pump-to-signal interactions, enhancing performance over 60-km fiber with a 1:128 splitter.

Area of Science:

  • Optical Communications
  • Fiber Optic Networks
  • Telecommunications Engineering

Background:

  • Previous extended GPON systems used dual pumps (1240 nm and 1427 nm) for distributed Raman gains.
  • These pumps were chosen for compatibility with standard GPON wavelengths (1310 nm upstream, 1490 nm downstream) and to minimize interactions.
  • However, residual pump-to-signal interactions limited further performance enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a new, entirely passive extended-reach GPON system.
  • To eliminate pump-to-signal interactions for improved system performance.
  • To investigate the transmission limitations and impairments of the proposed passive GPON extender.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a 1240 nm laser for counter-pumping distributed Raman amplification of the upstream 1310 nm signal.

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  • Integrated a discrete Raman amplifier with the 1490 nm transmitter for downstream signal boosting.
  • Experimentally demonstrated the system over 60-km of zero-water-peak Allwave® fiber with a 1:128 splitter at 2.5 Gbit/s.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated a purely passive extended-reach GPON system over 60-km fiber.
    • Investigated system performance, including upstream transmission limitations due to Raman Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise.
    • Examined downstream signal non-linear impairments caused by high launch power into the feeder fiber.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed passive GPON extender effectively enhances system performance by eliminating pump-to-signal interactions.
    • Raman ASE noise is a key limitation for upstream signal transmission in this configuration.
    • High launch power for downstream signals can introduce non-linear impairments that require careful consideration.