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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Cellular Injury I: Introduction01:00

Cellular Injury I: Introduction

Cellular injury occurs when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis or adapt to stressors such as hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. Depending on severity and duration, injury may be reversible, allowing recovery, or irreversible, leading to cell death.General Mechanisms of Cell InjuryAlthough causes vary, most cellular injuries arise from a few key mechanisms that disrupt essential functions and often amplify one another. Cell survival depends on the extent and balance of these disturbances.ATP depletion...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

Pathophysiological implications of mithochondrial cell death control.

G Kroemer1

  • 1Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM, U848, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France.

Bulletin Et Memoires De L'Academie Royale De Medecine De Belgique
|December 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondria control cell death by releasing factors that trigger cell digestion. This process is targeted in cancer therapy and can be inhibited to prevent cell death in conditions like stroke.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are central to cellular energy production.
  • Mitochondria also play a critical role in regulated cell death pathways.
  • Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a key event in apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the dual role of mitochondria in cell life and death.
  • To investigate the mechanisms and implications of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mitochondrial function and cell death.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways involved in mitochondrial permeabilization.

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Understanding the Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology through Dynamic and Three-dimensional Fluorescence Micrographs

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Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima
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Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Published on: March 23, 2015

Understanding the Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology through Dynamic and Three-dimensional Fluorescence Micrographs
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Understanding the Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology through Dynamic and Three-dimensional Fluorescence Micrographs

Published on: August 15, 2025

Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima
09:13

Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima

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  • Discussion of pharmacological agents affecting mitochondrial integrity.

    • Main Results:

    • Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization releases factors that induce cellular digestion.
    • This regulated cell death pathway is activated by various stimuli, including toxins and anticancer agents.
    • Inhibition of MOMP can prevent cell death in conditions like stroke and myocardial infarction.

    Conclusions:

    • Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is a critical, highly regulated process.
    • Targeting mitochondrial cell death offers therapeutic strategies for cancer and ischemic diseases.
    • Mitochondrial control of cell death has broad physiological and pathological significance.