Research in practice: Regulatory T cells - targets for therapeutic approaches?

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for induction and maintenance of immunological tolerance. They contribute to prevention of autoimmunity by control and modulation of immune responses. The prevalence of autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, cancer and allergies has markedly increased in the last decades. In additions the treatment of these disorders is often unsatisfactory so that improvements are needed. This has stimulated intensive research in the biology of Tregs. Recent studies revealed that naturally occurring CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs (nTregs) and induced Tregs (iTregs) are critical for the control of inadequate immune reactions. In humans, various iTreg populations are generated to inhibit naïve as well as activated effector T cells. Key molecules of signal transduction, essential for suppressor function of iTregs, have been identified and may be target molecules to modulate the activity of suppressor T cells with novel biologicals. Precise insight into the properties of Tregs may contribute to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches which directly affect Tregs in patients or use adoptive transfer of Tregs.