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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells
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Gene processing control loops suggested by sequencing, splicing, and RNA folding.

Clark D Jeffries1, Diana O Perkins, Xiaojun Guan

  • 1Eshelman School of Pharmacy and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA. clark_jeffries@med.unc.edu

BMC Bioinformatics
|December 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a novel 16-nucleotide RNA from spliceosomal RNA (RNU1) in human brain. This small RNA may regulate spliceosome protein production, offering new insights into gene regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Small RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), regulate gene expression through various mechanisms.
  • miRNAs (17-27 nucleotides) involve complex biogenesis pathways from transcription to cytoplasmic processing.
  • This study explores if spliceosome-associated RNA hairpins can yield regulatory small RNAs smaller than miRNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel small RNAs originating from spliceosomal components.
  • To investigate the potential regulatory function of these small RNAs.
  • To understand the biogenesis and processing of these novel small RNAs in relation to miRNA pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Deep sequencing of total RNA from human brain.
  • Bioinformatic analysis and sequence alignment.
  • In silico investigation of potential regulatory targets.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a novel 16-nucleotide RNA sequence in human brain RNA.
  • Identification of RNU1, a spliceosomal RNA component, as the likely source of the 16-nt RNA.
  • In silico analysis suggests the 16-nt RNA may regulate SFRS1, a gene encoding a spliceosome protein.

Conclusions:

  • A 16-nt RNA derived from spliceosomal RNU1 exists and is located in an RNA hairpin stem.
  • This small RNA has reverse complements to the 3'UTR of SFRS1, suggesting a regulatory role.
  • RNU1 may act as both a spliceosome component and a regulator of SFRS1 production, necessitating methods for discovering similar regulatory RNAs.