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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

The new bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Alan H Jobe1

  • 1Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Division of Pulmonary Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA. alan.jobe@cchmc.org

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|December 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication of preterm birth. Less invasive care, including avoiding excess oxygen and optimizing nutrition, may reduce BPD incidence and severity.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Perinatal Medicine

Background:

  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most frequent severe complication in preterm infants.
  • Understanding BPD pathophysiology and treatment is crucial for improving outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the pathophysiology and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
  • To highlight evolving strategies for managing BPD in preterm infants.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent animal models and clinical studies on BPD.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and clinical trial results.

Main Results:

  • Birth weight and gestational age are key predictors of BPD.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

  • Excessive oxygen and ventilation increase BPD risk, while low saturation targets may increase mortality.
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and selective surfactant use are effective initial stabilization strategies.

    • Conclusions:

    • Less invasive care, including judicious oxygen use and optimized nutrition, can decrease BPD incidence and severity.
    • Further research is needed to characterize lung growth in infants with BPD throughout childhood.