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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...

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Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

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Quantum oscillations in magnetically doped colloidal nanocrystals.

Stefan T Ochsenbein¹, Daniel R Gamelin

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA.

Nature Nanotechnology

|December 21, 2010

Summary

Colloidal quantum dots with manganese (Mn2+) dopants show long spin coherence times and Rabi oscillations, crucial for quantum computation. This research explores their spin dynamics for the first time.

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A Modular Microfluidic Technology for Systematic Studies of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals

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Published on: May 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Quantum Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are emerging as promising materials for quantum technologies.
Diluted magnetic semiconductors based on CQDs offer new avenues for quantum computation.
The spin dynamics of dopants in CQDs are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the spin dynamics of manganese (Mn2+) dopants in colloidal zinc oxide (ZnO) quantum dots.
To determine the coherence and Rabi frequencies of these spin qubits.
To explore hyperfine coupling interactions in colloidal quantum dots.

Main Methods:

Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed.
Rabi oscillations were measured to assess qubit operation speed.
Electron spin echo envelope modulations (ESEEM) were used to probe hyperfine interactions.

Main Results:

Long spin coherence times of approximately 0.9 µs were demonstrated for Mn2+ in ZnO CQDs.
Rabi oscillations were observed with frequencies between 2 and 20 MHz, dependent on microwave power.
Hyperfine coupling between Mn2+ and external protons was detected via ESEEM, a phenomenon unique to colloidal systems.

Conclusions:

Colloidal ZnO quantum dots doped with Mn2+ exhibit favorable spin qubit properties.
The observed spin dynamics and hyperfine couplings provide insights into impurity ion behavior in CQDs.
These findings pave the way for utilizing Mn2+-doped CQDs in quantum information processing.