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Related Concept Videos

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events, are a...
Dissociative Disorders01:27

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders represent complex psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. These disruptions cause individuals to experience a disconnection from their thoughts, emotions, and memories. The phenomenon is not merely an occasional lapse in attention but a profound alteration in mental functioning that can severely impact daily life.
Dissociative Fugue
A hallmark feature of dissociative disorders is the dissociative fugue...
Dissociative Identity Disorder01:30

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
Anxiety: Overview01:18

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual remembers mundane...
Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
10:43

Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity

Published on: July 1, 2014

Comparing posttraumatic stress disorder's symptom structure between deployed and nondeployed veterans.

Ryan M Engdahl1, Jon D Elhai, J Don Richardson

  • 1Disaster Mental Health Institute, University of South Dakota, SD, USA.

Psychological Assessment
|December 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differs between deployed and non-deployed military veterans. A four-factor model including dysphoria best fits deployed veterans, indicating trauma exposure impacts PTSD symptom presentation.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Veterans' Mental Health

Background:

  • Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental health condition.
  • Existing research presents multiple four-factor models for PTSD symptoms.
  • Understanding PTSD's factor structure is crucial, especially with upcoming diagnostic revisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the fit of two distinct four-factor models of PTSD symptoms.
  • To investigate PTSD symptom structure in deployed versus non-deployed military veterans.
  • To inform the understanding of PTSD in diverse veteran populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the PTSD Checklist to assess symptoms.
  • Employed multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to compare models.
  • Tested two validated four-factor models: King et al. (1998) and Simms et al. (2002).

Main Results:

  • Both models showed adequate fit in non-deployed veterans.
  • The Simms et al. (2002) model, including dysphoria, demonstrated a better fit for deployed veterans.
  • Significant differences in structural parameters were found between deployed and non-deployed groups, except for item intercepts.

Conclusions:

  • The factor structure of PTSD symptoms varies based on exposure to major traumatic events.
  • Findings suggest trauma exposure influences the manifestation of PTSD symptoms in military veterans.
  • This research contributes to the evolving understanding of PTSD, particularly relevant for the DSM-5.