Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Tetanus01:29

Tetanus

Tetanus is a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by persistent muscle contractions and spastic paralysis. It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe. These bacteria produce terminal endospores, giving them a distinctive “lollipop” or “tennis-racket” appearance. They thrive in anaerobic environments, such as those found in deep puncture wounds.Once introduced into the body, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. These cells...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Acteoside suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression via modulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and mitogen-activated protein kinase proteins.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2025
Same author

lncRNA-NEF regulates hepatic stellate cells proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and ECM synthesis through the ERK1/2/c-Fos axis.

Experimental cell research·2024
Same author

[Study on mechanism of Chinese Yam polysaccharide synergizing nucleoside analogues against hepatitis B virus through p38 MAPK signaling pathway].

Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica·2024
Same author

Effect of endoscopic therapy and drug therapy on prognosis and rebleeding in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Analysis of risk factors for PICC-associated infection in patients with acute leukemia.

Asian journal of surgery·2024
Same author

Prognostic factors of peptic ulcer bleeding in Gansu province, China.

Asian journal of surgery·2023
Same journal

Serum benzylpenicillin levels during treatment for amatoxin poisoning: pharmacokinetic support for OATP1B3 inhibition.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same journal

Unlabeled kratom alkaloids detected in products marketed as kava.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same journal

Contemporary survey of United States poison center treatment recommendations for sodium channel blocking drug poisoning.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same journal

Safety of acetylcysteine: a scoping review of iatrogenic overdose cases and their associated complications.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same journal

Portal venous gas after ingestion of concentrated hydrogen peroxide.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same journal

Rhabdomyolysis, renal failure and chronic neurologic deficits after prolonged immobilization from use of a 7-hydroxymitragynine product.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

Botulism, where are we now?

Jiu-Cong Zhang1, Li Sun, Qing-He Nie

  • 1Department of Infectious Disease, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.

Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|December 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Botulism, a serious illness caused by botulinum toxin, presents as paralysis. Early clinical diagnosis and rapid management are crucial for patient outcomes and preventing severe complications.

More Related Videos

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
10:30

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators

Published on: December 27, 2013

A High Content Imaging Assay for Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Inhibitors
14:10

A High Content Imaging Assay for Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Inhibitors

Published on: November 14, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
10:30

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators

Published on: December 27, 2013

A High Content Imaging Assay for Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Inhibitors
14:10

A High Content Imaging Assay for Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Inhibitors

Published on: November 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic illness caused by botulinum toxin from Clostridium botulinum.
  • It presents as acute, symmetrical, descending flaccid paralysis and can be a biological weapon threat.
  • Despite its toxicity, diluted botulinum toxin has therapeutic applications for muscular hyperactivity and glandular issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on botulism.
  • Focus areas include microbiology, epidemiology, vaccine research, and clinical management of human botulism.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article.
  • Information was gathered from existing literature on botulism.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and physical examination.
  • Delayed treatment can lead to prolonged hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death.
  • Clinicians should consider botulism in potential outbreaks, not awaiting lab confirmation.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis of botulism is critical and relies on recognizing clinical signs and symptoms.
  • Prompt management and public health surveillance are essential to reduce severity and mortality.
  • Awareness of botulism is key for timely intervention, avoiding diagnostic delays.