Size-dependent bioavailability of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles to a common aerobic bacterium

The size-dependent bioavailability of hematite (α-Fe(2)O(3)) nanoparticles to obligate aerobic Pseudomonas mendocina bacteria was examined using the natural siderophore-producing wild type strain and a siderophore(-) mutant strain. Results showed that Fe from hematite less than a few tens of nm in size appears to be considerably more bioavailable than Fe associated with larger particles. This increased bioavailability is related to the total available particle surface area, and depends in part on greater accessibility of the Fe to the chelating siderophore(s). Greater bioavailability is also related to mechanism(s) that depend on cell/nanomineral proximity, but not on siderophores. Siderophore(-) bacteria readily acquire Fe from particles <10 nm but must be in direct physical proximity to the nanomineral; the bacteria neither produce a diffusible Fe-mobilizing agent nor accumulate a reservoir of dissolved Fe in supernatant solutions. Particles <10 nm appear to be capable of penetrating the outer cell wall, offering at least one possible pathway for Fe acquisition. Other cell-surface-associated molecules and/or processes could also be important, including a cell-wall associated reducing capability. The increased bioavailability of <10 nm particles has implications for both biogeochemical Fe cycling and applications involving engineered nanoparticles, and raises new questions regarding biogenic influences on adsorbed contaminants.