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Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

High-Throughput Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays for Translational Research

High-Throughput Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays for Translational Research

Published on: June 10, 2025

Advancing translational research collaborations.

Lili M Portilla¹, Greg Evans, Benjamin Eng

¹National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. portilll@mail.nih.gov

Science Translational Medicine

|December 24, 2010

Summary

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) hosted a forum to foster collaborations between academia, government, and industry. Key issues and future plans for enhancing these partnerships were discussed.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Research
Translational Science
Public Health Policy

Background:

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a forum in February 2010 focused on improving collaborations.
The forum specifically addressed partnerships between academic institutions, government agencies, and industry stakeholders.
This initiative aimed to create a strategic pathway for fostering effective collaborations.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify key challenges and opportunities in inter-sectoral collaborations.
To outline a forward-looking agenda for promoting efficient and effective partnerships.
To facilitate dialogue among diverse stakeholders in clinical and translational science.

Main Methods:

Convening a national forum with key stakeholders.
Facilitating discussions on barriers and facilitators to collaboration.
Documenting key issues and developing actionable plans.

Main Results:

Identification of critical factors influencing academic, government, and industry partnerships.
Development of a strategic roadmap for enhancing collaborative efforts.
Consensus on the importance of inter-sectoral synergy in advancing science.

Conclusions:

Effective collaborations are crucial for accelerating clinical and translational research.
A coordinated approach is needed to overcome challenges in inter-sectoral partnerships.
The forum laid the groundwork for future initiatives to strengthen these vital alliances.