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Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Murine Mesenteric Lymphadenectomy for Selective Disruption of Lymphatic Communication with Region-Specific Gut
07:27

Murine Mesenteric Lymphadenectomy for Selective Disruption of Lymphatic Communication with Region-Specific Gut

Published on: December 30, 2025

Anatomical lymph node mapping in normal mesorectal adipose tissue.

Giandomenico Miscusi1, Cira R T di Gioia, Gregorio Patrizi

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. giandomenico.miscusi@uniroma1.it

Diseases of the Colon and Rectum
|December 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study found over 30 lymph nodes in the mesorectum, suggesting that counting more than 12 lymph nodes per specimen can improve rectal cancer staging and patient outcomes.

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Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer
12:45

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer

Published on: February 12, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Murine Mesenteric Lymphadenectomy for Selective Disruption of Lymphatic Communication with Region-Specific Gut
07:27

Murine Mesenteric Lymphadenectomy for Selective Disruption of Lymphatic Communication with Region-Specific Gut

Published on: December 30, 2025

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer
12:45

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer

Published on: February 12, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Surgical anatomy
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Rectal cancer surgery outcomes vary despite standardized protocols.
  • Accurate lymph node assessment is crucial for effective cancer staging and treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the number, shape, and distribution of lymphatic structures in the mesorectum.
  • To establish a basis for improving lymph node assessment in rectal cancer surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Excision of the rectum and mesorectum from 12 human cadavers (6 male, 6 female).
  • Adipose tissue separated into 9 sections, processed, and stained (hematoxylin and eosin).
  • Lymph nodes identified and counted per section using optical microscopy.

Main Results:

  • A total of 412 lymph nodes were identified (mean 34.3 per cadaver).
  • Lymph node distribution varied significantly by mesorectal level (upper: 22.2, middle: 9.8, lower: 2.3).
  • Majority of lymph nodes (64.6%) were in the upper mesorectum; 80% were <5 mm.

Conclusions:

  • The mesorectum typically contains over 30 lymph nodes.
  • Evaluating more than 12 lymph nodes per specimen may enhance rectal cancer staging accuracy.
  • Findings support refining lymph node assessment protocols for improved surgical outcomes.