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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Glenohumeral joint instability.

Patrick Omoumi1, Pedro Teixeira, Frédéric Lecouvet

  • 1Department of Radiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Académie Universitaire de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|December 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The glenohumeral joint, while highly mobile, is prone to instability due to its unique bony structure. This review clarifies shoulder instability classifications and imaging techniques for radiologists.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • The glenohumeral joint's high mobility makes it susceptible to instability.
  • Joint stabilization relies on a balance of static and dynamic soft tissue stabilizers.
  • Complex biomechanics and numerous classifications complicate the diagnosis of shoulder instability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomy, classifications, and pathogenesis of shoulder instability.
  • To discuss technical aspects of imaging techniques for shoulder instability.
  • To describe key imaging findings relevant to clinicians.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical and biomechanical principles of the glenohumeral joint.
  • Analysis of existing classifications and pathogenesis of shoulder instability.
  • Evaluation of imaging modalities including CT arthrography, MRI, and MR arthrography.

Main Results:

  • The glenohumeral joint's inherent instability is a result of its bony configuration.
  • Understanding soft tissue stabilizers is crucial for diagnosing instability.
  • Various imaging techniques provide essential information for clinical management.

Conclusions:

  • Radiologists face challenges in diagnosing shoulder instability due to complex biomechanics and classifications.
  • A comprehensive review of anatomy, pathogenesis, and imaging is necessary.
  • Familiarity with imaging findings aids in effective clinical decision-making for shoulder instability.