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Effect of cytokines on Japanese encephalitis virus production by human monocytes
H Hasegawa1, Y Satake, Y Kobayashi
1First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ehime University.
Abstract:
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus was shown to grow in in vitro cultures of human monocytes. Interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN-gamma inhibited JE virus production by the infected monocytes in the absence of anti-JE virus antibody, but interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha did not show a significant inhibition. Antibody against JE virus increased the JE virus production by the infected monocytes probably by enhanced uptake of virus-antibody complexes via Fc receptors. IFN-gamma and GM-CSF increased JE virus production by monocytes in the presence of anti-JE virus antibody, whereas IFN-alpha inhibited JE virus production even in the presence of the antibody. The other 5 cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-3, G-CSF, and TNF-alpha) did not show a significant effect on JE virus production by monocytes in the presence or absence of the antibody.
Insights
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus replicates in human monocytes. Interferon-alpha and Interferon-gamma inhibited virus production, while antibodies enhanced it, with complex cytokine interactions observed.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Virology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Human monocytes are susceptible to Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection.
- Cytokines play a crucial role in modulating host immune responses to viral infections.
- The interaction between JE virus, monocytes, and cytokines is not fully understood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effect of various cytokines on JE virus replication in human monocytes.
- To determine the role of anti-JE virus antibodies in modulating JE virus production by monocytes.
- To elucidate the combined effects of cytokines and antibodies on JE virus production.
Main Methods:
- In vitro culture of human monocytes infected with JE virus.
- Treatment of infected monocytes with specific cytokines (IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF, TNF-alpha) and anti-JE virus antibody.
- Quantification of JE virus production in treated and untreated monocyte cultures.
Main Results:
- Interferon-alpha and Interferon-gamma inhibited JE virus production in monocytes without antibody.
- Anti-JE virus antibody increased JE virus production, likely via Fc receptor-mediated uptake.
- Interferon-gamma and GM-CSF enhanced virus production in the presence of antibody, while Interferon-alpha inhibited it.
Conclusions:
- Human monocytes support JE virus replication.
- Interferons exhibit antiviral activity against JE virus in monocytes, while antibodies can enhance viral production.
- Specific cytokines differentially modulate JE virus production in monocytes, depending on the presence or absence of antibodies, highlighting complex immune regulatory mechanisms.