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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

Published on: July 12, 2016

Electron emission from condensed phase material induced by fast protons.

J L Shinpaugh¹, R A McLawhorn, S L McLawhorn

¹Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA. shinpaughj@ecu.edu

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

|December 25, 2010

Summary

Monte Carlo simulations for radiobiology face challenges with low-energy electron transport. Experimental measurements of secondary electron yields from proton-irradiated foils reveal discrepancies with theoretical models, highlighting areas for code improvement.

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Published on: July 2, 2012

Area of Science:

Physics
Radiological Sciences
Materials Science

Background:

Monte Carlo (MC) track simulation is crucial in radiobiology.
Current MC codes rely on theoretical cross-sections, with limited experimental condensed-phase data, especially for low-energy electrons.
Uncertainties in theoretical methods for low-energy electrons impact accurate simulation of electron track ends.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally validate MC simulation codes used in radiobiology.
To investigate the reliability of low-energy electron transport models.
To provide experimental data for testing and improving MC transport codes.

Main Methods:

Measured yields of low-energy secondary electrons ejected from thin foils after bombardment with fast protons.
Varied electron energy and emission angle for comprehensive data collection.
Utilized various materials including amorphous solid water, copper, aluminum, gold, and frozen hydrocarbons.

Main Results:

Observed substantial disagreement between experimental electron yields and MC simulations.
Initial measurements with amorphous solid water showed discrepancies, potentially due to target charging.
Subsequent studies, free from charging effects, confirmed the persistent disagreement between theory and experiment across different materials.

Conclusions:

Experimental data on secondary electron yields challenge the accuracy of current MC simulation codes for low-energy electron transport.
The findings underscore the need for refinement of theoretical models and experimental validation in MC simulations for radiobiology.
Further research with diverse materials is essential to improve the predictive power of MC track simulations.